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A model minority is a minority group (whether based on ethnicity, race or religion) whose members are most often perceived to achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average. This success is typically measured in income, education, low crime rates and high family stability. The term is highly controversial, for it is sometimes used to suggest there is no need for government action to reduce discrimination. In the United States, the term was invented to describe Japanese-Americans, although it has evolved to become associated with American Jews and Asian Americans, but more specifically with East Asians (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) and the South Asian community. In the Netherlands, the comparable status is primarily associated with Indo people (Mixed Dutch and Indonesian heritage), also known as ''Indies Dutchmen'' or ''Dutch Indonesians''. They are the largest minority group in the country.〔Zorlu, A., Hartig J. ''“Migration and immigrants: The case of the Netherlands”'' (Publisher: Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, 2001) P.4 ()〕〔Beets, G et al. ''“De demografische geschiedenis van de Indische Nederlanders.”'' Report no. 64, 89. (Publisher: NiDi, The Hague, 2002) P.111-113〕〔Van Amersfoort, Hans ''"Immigration as a Colonial Inheritance: Post-Colonial Immigrants in the Netherlands, 1945-2002."'' in ''"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1469-9451"''(Publisher: Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES), Volume 32, Issue 3, 2006) P.323–346 ()〕 In Germany, Korean Germans and Vietnamese Germans are considered model minorities, with the latter being considered ''Das vietnamesische Wunder'' ("The Vietnamese Miracle"), which is associated with the academic success of Vietnamese Germans in Germany. In France, French Vietnamese and French Laotians are regarded as model minorities by French media and politics due to their high level of integration and success rate in academics and household income.〔 In Israel, Christian Arabs are one of the most educated groups in Israel. Maariv have describe the Christian Arab sectors as "the most successful in education system", since Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. and they have attained a bachelor's degree and academic degree more than the median Israeli population.〔 Generalized statistics are often cited to back up model minority status such as high educational achievement and a high representation in white collar professions. A common misconception is that the affected communities usually hold pride in their labeling as the model minority. The model minority stereotype is considered detrimental to relevant minority communities because it is used to justify the exclusion of minorities in the distribution of assistance programs, both public and private, as well as to understate or slight the achievements of individuals within that minority. Furthermore, the idea of the model minority pits minority groups against each other by implying that non-model groups are at fault for falling short of the model minority level of achievement and assimilation. The model minority label relies on the aggregation of success indicators, which in the case of immigrants from Asia may hide the plight of recent first-generation immigrants under the high success rate of more established Asian communities. While communities of Asian Americans who have been in the US for 3-4 generations are generally wealthier, many immigrant communities of Asian Americans experience poverty. ==Background== In January 1966, the term "model minority" was coined in ''The New York Times'' magazine by sociologist William Petersen to describe Asian Americans as ethnic minorities who, despite marginalization, have achieved success in the United States. In his essay called "Success Story: Japanese American Style", he wrote that the Japanese cultures have strong work ethics and family values. Furthermore, he wrote that those values prevent them from becoming a "problem minority". A similar article about Chinese Americans was published in ''U.S. News and World Report'' in December 1966.〔()〕 In the 1980s, almost all major US magazines and newspapers printed success stories of Asian Americans.〔 However, in the 1970s and 1980s, many scholars challenged the model minority stereotype. B. Suzuki published "Education and the Socialization of Asian Americans: A Revisionist Analysis of the ‘Model Minority Thesis". In the paper, he disagrees with how the media is portraying Asian Americans. He explains the sociohistorical background and the contemporary social system, and how the Model Minority stereotype is myth.〔 Some have described the creation of the model minority theory as partially a response to the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement, when African Americans fought for equal rights and the discontinuation of racial segregation in the United States. In a backlash to the movement, white America presented and used Asian Americans to argue that African Americans could raise up their communities by focusing on education and accepting and conforming to racial segregation and the institutional racism and discrimination of the time period, as Asian Americans have arguably done. Disregarding the fact that Asian Americans at the time were also marginalized and racially segregated in America thus they also represented lower economic levels and faced many social issues just as other racial and ethnic minorities.〔 The possible reasons as to why Asians Americans were used by White America as this image of a model minority are that they were viewed as having not been as much of a "threat" to White America due to less of a history of political activism in fighting racism, their smaller population, the success of their numerous businesses (nearly all of which were small businesses) in their segregated communities, and the fact that during the time period Chinese, Japanese and Filipino Americans' educational attainment level was meeting the national average equaling Whites in terms of education. Since the creation of the model minority stereotype, Asian Americans have now exceeded White Americans in terms of education as well as many other racial and ethnic groups in American society and Asian Americans (as a whole) have obtained the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial and ethnic demographic in the country a position previously held by African Immigrants and Americans born of those immigrants.〔 Those who resisted the stereotype in the early stages back in the 1960s-1980's could not gain enough support to combat the stereotype, because of the stereotype's so-called "positive" connotations. This led many even within the Asian American community at the time to view it either as a welcomed positive stereotype in contrast to years of negative stereotypes, or as a euphemistic stereotype that was no more than a mere annoyance. They didn't foresee the negative repercussions to come from this stereotype. Many critics point out that there are more positives than negatives that come with this stereotype while many others believe that there are just as many negatives that come with this stereotype as there are positives and that no stereotype regardless of how positive they try to be or how positive their connotations are should be regarded as a good stereotype. Scientific studies have revealed that positive stereotypes have many negative and damaging consequences both socially and psychologically. A few years after the article on Asian Americans being the model minority was published, Asian Americans formed their own movement that fought for their own equal rights and resolution of their own specific social issues, modeling it after the Civil Rights Movement thus effectively challenging White America and the social construct of racial discrimination.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Asian American Movement 1968 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Model minority」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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